Atoms and molecules are in constant motion. Chemical bonding between atoms involves energy and the interaction of electrons with atomic nuclei. Intermolecular attractions, which may be temporary, occur when there is an asymmetric distribution of charge.

Within all chemical interactions, matter and energy are conserved according to the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy. During a chemical change energy is absorbed or released as bonds are broken or formed. In maintaining conservation of matter and energy, nuclear changes convert matter into energy. The energy released during a nuclear change is much greater than the energy released during a chemical change.

The discovery of the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom, its uses, and its inherent benefits and risks is a continuing process that began with the serendipitous detection of the first radioactive isotope. Early researchers added to this knowledge and expanded our ability to utilize this newly discovered phenomenon. Using radioactivity, the inner structure of the atom was defined by other researchers. Scientists involved in the development of nuclear fission and the atomic bomb explored both peaceful and destructive uses of nuclear energy. Modern researchers continue to search for ways in which the power of the nucleus can be used for the betterment of the world.