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Standard Area - TECH: Learning Standards for Technology
(see MST standards under Previous Standard Versions)-
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Introduction - MST4.I.PS4.Introduction:
An underlying principle of all energy use is the Law of Conservation of Energy. Simply stated, energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can be transformed, one form to another. These transformations produce heat energy. Heat is a calculated value which includes the temperature of the material, the mass of the material, and the type of the material. Temperature is a direct measurement of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of material. It should be noted that temperature is not a measurement of heat.
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Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.1a:
The Sun is a major source of energy for Earth. Other sources of energy include nuclear and geothermal energy. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.1b:
Fossil fuels contain stored solar energy and are considered nonrenewable resources. They are a major source of energy in the United States. Solar energy, wind, moving water, and biomass are some examples of renewable energy resources. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.1c:
Most activities in everyday life involve one form of energy being transformed into another. For example, the chemical energy in gasoline is transformed into mechanical energy in an automobile engine. Energy, in the form of heat, is almost always one of the products of energy transformations. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.1d:
Different forms of energy include heat, light, electrical, mechanical, sound, nuclear, and chemical. Energy is transformed in many ways. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.1e:
Energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, or potential energy, which depends on relative position.
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Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.2a:
Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same temperature. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.2b:
Heat can be transferred through matter by the collisions of atoms and/or molecules (conduction) or through space (radiation). In a liquid or gas, currents will facilitate the transfer of heat (convection). -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.2c:
During a phase change, heat energy is absorbed or released. Energy is absorbed when a solid changes to a liquid and when a liquid changes to a gas. Energy is released when a gas changes to a liquid and when a liquid changes to a solid. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.2d:
Most substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. Water is an exception, expanding when changing to ice. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.2e:
Temperature affects the solubility of some substances in water.
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Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.3a:
In chemical reactions, energy is transferred into or out of a system. Light, electricity, or mechanical motion may be involved in such transfers in addition to heat.
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Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.4a:
Different forms of electromagnetic energy have different wavelengths. Some examples of electromagnetic energy are microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.4b:
Light passes through some materials, sometimes refracting in the process. Materials absorb and reflect light, and may transmit light. To see an object, light from that object, emitted by or reflected from it, must enter the eye. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.4c:
Vibrations in materials set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from the source. Sound waves are an example. Vibrational waves move at different speeds in different materials. Sound cannot travel in a vacuum. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.4d:
Electrical energy can be produced from a variety of energy sources and can be transformed into almost any other form of energy. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.4e:
Electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.4f:
Without touching them, material that has been electrically charged attracts uncharged material, and may either attract or repel other charged material. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.4g:
Without direct contact, a magnet attracts certain materials and either attracts or repels other magnets. The attractive force of a magnet is greatest at its poles.
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Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.5a:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form into another. -
Major Understandings - MST4.I.PS4.5b:
Energy can change from one form to another, although in the process some energy is always converted to heat. Some systems transform energy with less loss of heat than others.
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