Clarification Statement - S.MS.PS.1.4.CS:
Emphasis is on qualitative particulate-level models of solids, liquids, and gases to show that adding or removing thermal energy increases or decreases kinetic energy of the particles until a change of phase occurs. Examples of models could include drawin

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP2.1:
Develop a model to predict and/or describe phenomena.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.PS.1.4.DCI:
PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter •(NYSED) In a solid, the particles are closely spaced and vibrate in position but do not change their relative locations. In a liquid, the particles are closely spaced but are able to change their relative locations. In a gas, the particles are widely spaced except when they happen to collide and constantly change their relative locations. •(NYSED) The changes of state that occur with variations in temperature and/or pressure can be described and predicted using these models of matter. PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •(NYSED) The term “heat” as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of particles within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects. (secondary to MS-PS1-4) •(NYSED) Temperature is not a form of energy. Temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. (secondary to MS-PS1-4)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.10:
Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC2.10:
Cause and effect relationships can be suggested and predicted for complex natural and human designed systems by examining what is known about smaller scale mechanisms within the system.