Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.2.4.CS:
Examples of the causes of climate change could include those that differ by timescale, over 1-10 years: large volcanic eruption, ocean circulation; 10-100s of years: changes in human activity, ocean circulation, solar output; 10-100s of thousands of year

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.2.4.AB:
Assessment of the results of changes in climate is limited to changes in surface temperatures, precipitation patterns, glacial ice volumes, sea levels, and biosphere distribution.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP2.4:
Use a model to provide mechanistic accounts of phenomena.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.2.4.DCI:
ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System •Cyclical changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun, together with changes in the tilt of the planet’s axis of rotation, both occurring over hundreds of thousands of years, have altered the intensity and distribution of sunlight falling on the earth. These phenomena cause a cycle of ice ages and other gradual climate changes. (secondary to HS-ESS2-4) ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems •The geological record shows that changes to global and regional climate can be caused by interactions among changes in the sun’s energy output or Earth’s orbit, tectonic events, ocean circulation, volcanic activity, glaciers, vegetation, and human activities. These changes can occur on a variety of time scales from sudden (e.g., volcanic ash clouds) to intermediate (ice ages) to very long-term tectonic cycles. ESS2.D: Weather and Climate •The foundation for Earth’s global climate systems is the electromagnetic radiation from the sun, as well as its reflection, absorption, storage, and redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and land systems, and this energy’s re-radiation into space. •Changes in the atmosphere due to human activity have increased carbon dioxide concentrations and thus affect climate.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC2.8:
Empirical evidence is required to differentiate between cause and correlation and make claims about specific causes and effects.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.2.8.CS:
Examples of evidence sources could include station models, surface weather maps, satellite images, radar, and accepted forecast models. Emphasis should focus on communicating how the uneven heating of Earth’s surface and prevailing global winds drive the

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.2.8.AB:
Analysis is limited to surface weather maps and general weather patterns associated with high and low pressure systems.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP4.1:
Analyze data using tools, technologies, and/or models (e.g., computational, mathematical) in order to make valid and reliable scientific claims or determine an optimal design solution.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP8.1:
Communicate scientific and technical information the process of development and the design and performance of a proposed process or system) in multiple formats (including orally, graphically, textually, and mathematically).

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.2.8.DCI:
ESS2.D: Weather and Climate •(NYSED) Concepts of density and heat energy can be used to explain observations of weather patterns.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.13:
Different patterns may be observed at each of the scales at which a system is studied and can provide evidence for causality in explanations of phenomena.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.15:
Empirical evidence is needed to identify patterns.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC2.8:
Empirical evidence is required to differentiate between cause and correlation and make claims about specific causes and effects.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.3.5.CS:
Examples of evidence could include both data and climate model outputs that are used to describe climate changes (such as precipitation and temperature) and their associated impacts (such as on sea level, glacial ice volumes, or atmosphere and ocean compo

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.3.5.AB:
Assessment is limited to one example of a climate change and its associated impacts.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP4.1:
Analyze data using tools, technologies, and/or models (e.g., computational, mathematical) in order to make valid and reliable scientific claims or determine an optimal design solution.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.3.5.DCI:
ESS3.D: Global Climate Change •Though the magnitudes of human impacts are greater than they have ever been, so too are human abilities to model, predict, and manage current and future impacts.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC6.9:
Change and rates of change can be quantified and modeled over very short or very long periods of time. Some system changes are irreversible.