Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.1.1.CS:
Emphasis is on the energy transfer mechanisms that allow energy from nuclear fusion in the Sun’s core to reach Earth. Examples of evidence for the model could include observations of the masses and lifetimes of other stars, as well as the ways that the Su

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.1.1.AB:
Assessment does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the sun’s nuclear fusion.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP2.1:
Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.1.1.DCI:
ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars •The star called the sun is changing and will burn out over a lifespan of approximately 10 billion years. PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes and Everyday Life •Nuclear Fusion processes in the center of the sun release the energy that ultimately reaches Earth as radiation. (secondary to HS-ESS1-1)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC7.7:
The significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale, proportion, and quantity at which it occurs.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.1.2.CS:
Emphasis is on the astronomical evidence of the red shift of light from galaxies as an indication that the universe is currently expanding at an accelerated rate, the cosmic microwave background as the remnant radiation from the Big Bang, and the observed

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP6.2:
Construct and revise an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students’ own investigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the na

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.1.2.DCI:
ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars •The study of stars’ light spectra and brightness is used to identify compositional elements of stars, their movements, and their distances from Earth. •The Big Bang theory is supported by observations of distant galaxies receding from our own, of the measured composition of stars and non-stellar gases, and of the maps of spectra of the primordial radiation (cosmic microwave background) that still fills the universe. •Other than the hydrogen and helium formed at the time of the Big Bang, nuclear fusion within stars produces all atomic nuclei lighter than and including iron, and the process releases electromagnetic energy. Heavier elements are produced when certain massive stars achieve a supernova stage and explode. PS4.B Electromagnetic Radiation •Atoms of each element emit and absorb characteristic frequencies of light. These characteristics allow identification of the presence of an element, even in microscopic quantities. (secondary to HS-ESS1-2)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.15:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed–only moved between one place and another place, between objects and/or fields, or between systems.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.1.3.CS:
Emphasis is on the w ay nucleosy nthesis, and therefore the different elements created, v aries as a function of the mass of a star and the stage of its lifetime.

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.1.3.AB:
Details of the many different nucleosy nthesis pathw ay s for stars of differing masses are not assessed.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP8.1:
Communicate scientific and technical information the process of development and the design and performance of a proposed process or system) in multiple formats (including orally, graphically, textually, and mathematically).

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.1.3.DCI:
ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars •The study of stars’ light spectra and brightness is used to identify compositional elements of stars, their movements, and their distances from Earth. •Other than the hydrogen and helium formed at the time of the Big Bang, nuclear fusion within stars produces all atomic nuclei lighter than and including iron, and the process releases electromagnetic energy. Heavier elements are produced when certain massive stars achieve a supernova stage and explode.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.10:
In nuclear processes, atoms are not conserved, but the total number of protons plus neutrons is conserved.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.1.4.CS:
Emphasis is on Newtonian gravitational laws governing orbital motions, which apply to human-made satellites as well as planets and moons.

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.1.4.AB:
Mathematical representations for the grav itational attraction of bodies and Kepler’s Laws of orbital motions should not deal w ith more than two bodies, nor involve calculus.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP5.2:
Use mathematical representations of phenomena to describe explanations.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.1.4.DCI:
ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System •Kepler’s laws describe common features of the motions of orbiting objects, including their elliptical paths around the sun. Orbits may change due to the gravitational effects from, or collisions with, other objects in the solar system.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC7.9:
Algebraic thinking is used to examinescientific data and predict the effect of a change in one variable on another (e.g., linear growth vs. exponential growth).

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.1.7.CS:
Emphasis of the explanation should include how the relative positions of the moon in its orbit, Earth, and the Sun cause different phases, types of eclipses or strength of tides. Examples of evidence could include various representations of relative posi

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.1.7.AB:
Assessment does not include mathematical computations to support explanations but rather relies on conceptual modeling using diagrams to show how celestial bodies interact to create these cyclical changes.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP6.2:
Construct and revise an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students’ own investigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the na

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.1.7.DCI:
ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System •(NYSED) Earth and celestial phenomena can be described by principles of relative motion and perspective.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.13:
Different patterns may be observed at each of the scales at which a system is studied and can provide evidence for causality in explanations of phenomena.