Clarification Statement - S.HS.PS.3.1.CS:
Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model.

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.PS.3.1.AB:
Assessment is limited to basic algebraic expressions or computations; to systems of two or three components; and to thermal energy, kinetic energy, and/or the energies in gravitational, magnetic, or electric fields.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP5.3:
Create a computational model or simulation of a phenomenon, designed device, process, or system.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.PS.3.1.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •Energy is a quantitative property of a system that depends on the motion and interactions of matter and radiation within that system. That there is a single quantity called energy is due to the fact that a system’s total energy is conserved, even as, within the system, energy is continually transferred from one object to another and between its various possible forms. PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •Conservation of energy means that the total change of energy in any system is always equal to the total energy transferred into or out of the system. •Mathematical expressions, which quantify how the stored energy in a system depends on its configuration (e.g. relative positions of charged particles, compression of a spring) and how kinetic energy depends on mass and speed, allow the concept of conservation of energy to be used to predict and describe system behavior. •The availability of energy limits what can occur in any system. •(NYSED) Energy exists in many forms, and when these forms change, energy is conserved.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC3.7:
Models can be used to predict the behavior of a system, but these predictions have limited precision and reliability due to the assumptions and approximations inherent in models.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.PS.3.2.CS:
Examples of phenomena at the macroscopic scale could include the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy , the energy stored due to position of an object above the Earth, and the energy stored between two electrically-charged plates. Ex

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP2.1:
Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.PS.3.2.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •Energy is a quantitative property of a system that depends on the motion and interactions of matter and radiation within that system. That there is a single quantity called energy is due to the fact that a system’s total energy is conserved, even as, within the system, energy is continually transferred from one object to another and between its various possible forms. •At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple ways, such as in motion, sound, light, and thermal energy. •These relationships are better understood at the microscopic scale, at which all of the different manifestations of energy can be modeled as a combination of energy associated with the motion of particles and energy associated with the configuration (relative position of the particles). In some cases the relative position energy can be thought of as stored in fields (which mediate interactions between particles). This last concept includes radiation, a phenomenon in which energy stored in fields moves across space.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.13:
Energy can be transferred between one place and another place, between objects and/or fields, or between systems.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.PS.3.3.CS:
Emphasis is on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of devices. Examples of devices could include Rube Goldberg devices, wind turbines, solar cells, solar ovens, and generators. Examples of constraints could include use of renewable ener

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.PS.3.3.AB:
Assessment for quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Assessment is limited to devices constructed with materials provided to students.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP6.4:
Design, evaluate, and/or refine a solution to a complex real-world problem, based on scientific knowledge, student-generated sources of evidence, prioritized criteria, and tradeoff considerations.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.PS.3.3.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple ways, such as in motion, sound, light, and thermal energy. PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •(NYSED) Energy exists in many forms, and when these forms change, energy is conserved. ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems •Criteria and constraints also include satisfying any requirements set by society, such as taking issues of risk mitigation into account, and they should be quantified to the extent possible and stated in such a way that one can tell if a given design meets them. (secondary to HS-PS3-3)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.12:
Changes of energy and matter in a system can be described in terms of energy and matter flows into, out of, and within that system.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.PS.3.4.CS:
Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking to describe the energy changes both quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.PS.3.4.AB:
Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials and tools provided to students.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP3.1:
Plan and conduct an investigation individually and collaboratively to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence, and in the design: decide on types, how much, and accuracy of data needed to produce reliable measurements and consider limitations on t

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.PS.3.4.DCI:
PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •Uncontrolled systems always evolve toward more stable states—that is, toward more uniform energy distribution (e.g., water flows downhill, objects hotter than their surrounding environment cool down). •(NYSED) Energy exists in many forms, and when these forms change, energy is conserved.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC3.6:
When investigating or describing a system, the boundaries and initial conditions of the system need to be defined and their inputs and outputs analyzed and described using models.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.PS.3.5.CS:
Examples of models could include drawings, diagrams, and texts, such as drawings of what happens when two charges of opposite polarity are near each other.

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.PS.3.5.AB:
Assessment is limited to systems containing two objects.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP2.1:
Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.PS.3.5.DCI:
PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces •When two objects interacting through a field change relative position, the energy stored in the field is changed. (HS-PS3-5)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC2.10:
Cause and effect relationships can be suggested and predicted for complex natural and human designed systems by examining what is known about smaller scale mechanisms within the system.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.PS.3.6.CS:
Emphasis should be on arrangements of series circuits and parallel circuits using conventional current.]

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.PS.3.6.AB:
Assessment is limited to direct current (DC) circuits.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP4.1:
Analyze data using tools, technologies, and/or models (e.g., computational, mathematical) in order to make valid and reliable scientific claims or determine an optimal design solution.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.PS.3.6.DCI:
PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •(NYSED) Electrical power and energy can be determined for electric circuits.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.13:
Different patterns may be observed at each of the scales at which a system is studied and can provide evidence for causality in explanations of phenomena.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.14:
Mathematical representations can be used to identify certain patterns.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.13:
Energy can be transferred between one place and another place, between objects and/or fields, or between systems.