Clarification Statement - S.MS.ESS.1.1.CS:
Examples of models could include physical, graphical, or conceptual models.

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP2.3:
Develop and use a model to describe phenomena.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.ESS.1.1.DCI:
ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars •Patterns of the apparent motion of the sun, the moon, and stars in the sky can be observed, described, predicted, and explained with models. ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System •This model of the solar system can explain eclipses of the sun and the moon. Earth’s spin axis is fixed in direction over the short-term but tilted relative to its orbit around the sun. The seasons are a result of that tilt and are caused by the differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of Earth across the year.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.11:
Patterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships.

Clarification Statement - S.MS.ESS.1.2.CS:
Emphasis for the model is on gravity as the force that holds together the solar system and Milky Way galaxy and controls orbital motions within them. Examples of models could include physical models (such as a model of the solar system scaled using variou

Assessment Boundary - S.MS.ESS.1.2.AB:
Assessment does not include Kepler’s Laws of orbital motion or the apparent retrograde motion of the planets as viewed from Earth.

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP2.3:
Develop and use a model to describe phenomena.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.ESS.1.2.DCI:
ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars •Earth and its solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of many galaxies in the universe. ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System •(NYSED) The solar system consists of the Sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their moons, comets, and asteroids that are held in orbit around the Sun by its gravitational pull on them. •The solar system appears to have formed from a disk of dust and gas, drawn together by gravity.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC3.3:
Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions—such as inputs, processes and outputs—and energy and matter flows within systems.

Clarification Statement - S.MS.ESS.1.3.CS:
Emphasis is on the analysis of data from Earth-based instruments, space-based telescopes, and spacecraft to determine similarities and differences among solar system objects. Examples of scale properties could include the sizes of an object’s layers (such

Assessment Boundary - S.MS.ESS.1.3.AB:
Assessment does not include recalling facts about properties of the planets and other solar system bodies

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP4.1:
Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.ESS.1.3.DCI:
ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System •(NYSED) The solar system consists of the Sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their moons, comets, and asteroids that are held in orbit around the Sun by its gravitational pull on them.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC7.4:
Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small.