Clarification Statement - S.MS.PS.3.1.CS:
Emphasis is on descriptive relationships between kinetic energy and mass separately from kinetic energy and speed. Examples could include riding a bicycle at different speeds, rolling different sizes of rocks downhill, and getting hit by a wiffle ball ver

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP4.2:
Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to identify linear and nonlinear relationships.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.PS.3.1.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •Motion energy is properly called kinetic energy; it is proportional to the mass of the moving object and grows with the square of its speed.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC7.5:
Proportional relationships (e.g. speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes.

Clarification Statement - S.MS.PS.3.2.CS:
Emphasis is on relative amounts of potential energy, not on calculations of potential energy. Examples of objects within systems interacting at varying distances could include: the Earth and either a roller coaster cart at varying positions on a hill or

Assessment Boundary - S.MS.PS.3.2.AB:
Assessment is limited to two objects and electric, magnetic, and gravitational interactions.

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP2.2:
Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.PS.3.2.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •A system of objects may also contain stored (potential) energy, depending on their relative positions. PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces •When two objects interact, each one exerts a force on the other that can cause energy to be transferred to or from the object.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC3.3:
Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions—such as inputs, processes and outputs—and energy and matter flows within systems.

Clarification Statement - S.MS.PS.3.3.CS:
Examples of devices could include an insulated box, a solar cooker, and a Styrofoam cup.

Assessment Boundary - S.MS.PS.3.3.AB:
Assessment does not include calculating the total amount of thermal energy transferred.

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP6.2:
Apply scientific ideas or principles to design an object, tool, process or system.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.PS.3.3.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •(NYSED) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, phases (states), and amounts of matter present. PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones. ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting an Engineering Problem •The more precisely a design task’s criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions. (secondary to MS-PS3-3) ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions •A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results in order to improve it. There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet criteria and constraints of a problem. (secondary to MS-PS3-3)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.7:
The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system.

Clarification Statement - S.MS.PS.3.4.CS:
Examples of experiments could include comparing final water temperatures after different masses of ice melted in the same volume of water with the same initial temperature, the temperature change of samples of different materials with the same mass as the

Assessment Boundary - S.MS.PS.3.4.AB:
Assessment does not include calculating the total amount of thermal energy transferred.

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP3.1:
Plan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a c

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.PS.3.4.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •(NYSED) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, phases (states), and amounts of matter present. PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time. •(NYSED) The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the mass of the sample, and the environment.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC7.5:
Proportional relationships (e.g. speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes.

Clarification Statement - S.MS.PS.3.5.CS:
Examples of empirical evidence used in arguments could include an inventory or other representation of the energy before and after the transfer in the form of temperature changes or motion of object.

Assessment Boundary - S.MS.PS.3.5.AB:
Assessment does not include calculations of energy.

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP7.1:
Construct and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.PS.3.5.DCI:
PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.8:
Energy may take different forms (e.g. energy in fields, thermal energy, energy of motion).

Clarification Statement - S.MS.PS.3.6.CS:
Emphasis should be on arrangements of circuit components in series and parallel circuits

Assessment Boundary - S.MS.PS.3.6.AB:
Assessment will be limited to qualitative analysis and reasoning.

Science and Engineering Practices - 6-8.SEP3.2:
Collect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.MS.PS.3.6.DCI:
PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •(NYSED) An electric circuit is a closed path in which an electric current can exist.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.7:
The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system.