Clarification Statement - S.4.ESS.1.1.CS:
Examples of evidence from patterns could include rock layers with marine shell fossils above rock layers with plant fossils and no shells, indicating a change from land to water over time; tilted rock layers indicate past crustal movement; glacial scratch

Assessment Boundary - S.4.ESS.1.1.AB:
Assessment does not include specific knowledge of the mechanism of rock formation or memorization of specific rock formations and layers. Assessment is limited to relative time.

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP6.5:
Identify the evidence that supports particular points in an explanation.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.ESS.1.1.DCI:
ESS1.C: The History of Planet Earth •Local, regional, and global patterns of rock formations reveal changes over time due to earth forces, such as earthquakes. The presence and location of certain fossil types indicate the order in which rock layers were formed.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.7:
Patterns can be used as evidence to support an explanation.

Clarification Statement - S.4.ESS.2.1.CS:
Examples of variables to test could include angle of slope in the downhill movement of water and/or loose Earth materials due to gravity, amount of vegetation, speed of wind, relative rate of deposition, cycles of freezing and thawing of water, cycles of

Assessment Boundary - S.4.ESS.2.1.AB:
Assessment is limited to a single form of weathering or erosion.

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP3.1:
Make observations and/or measurements to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence for an explanation of a phenomenon or test a design solution

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.ESS.2.1.DCI:
ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems •Rainfall helps to shape the land and affects the types of living things found in a region. Water, ice, wind, living organisms, and gravity break rocks, soils, and sediments into smaller particles and move them around. ESS2.E: Biogeology •Living things affect the physical characteristics of their regions.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC2.4:
Cause and effect relationships are routinely identified, tested, and used to explain change.

Clarification Statement - S.4.ESS.2.2.CS:
Maps can include topographic maps of Earth’s land and ocean floor, as well as maps of the locations of mountains, continental boundaries, volcanoes, and earthquakes.

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP4.1:
Analyze and interpret data to make sense of phenomena using logical reasoning.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.ESS.2.2.DCI:
ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions •The locations of mountain ranges, deep ocean trenches, ocean floor structures, earthquakes, and volcanoes occur in patterns. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in bands that are often along the boundaries between continents and oceans. Major mountain chains form inside continents or near their edges. Maps can help locate the different land and water features areas of Earth.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC1.7:
Patterns can be used as evidence to support an explanation.

Assessment Boundary - S.4.ESS.3.2.AB:
Assessment is limited to earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP6.4:
Generate and compare multiple solutions to a problem based on how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the design solution.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.ESS.3.2.DCI:
ESS3.B: Natural Hazards •A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Humans cannot eliminate the hazardsbut can take steps to reduce their impacts. (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea can also be found in 3.WC.) ETS1.B: Designing Solutions to Engineering Problems •Testing a solution involves investigating how well it performs under a range of likely conditions. (secondary to 4-ESS3-2)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC2.4:
Cause and effect relationships are routinely identified, tested, and used to explain change.