Assessment Boundary - S.4.PS.3.1.AB:
Assessment does not include quantitative measures of changes in the speed of an object or on any precise or quantitative definition of energy

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP6.2:
Use evidence (e.g., observations, patterns) to construct an explanation.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.PS.3.1.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •(NYSED) A given object possesses more energy of motion when it is moving faster.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.3:
Energy can be transferred in various ways and between objects.

Clarification Statement - S.4.PS.3.2.CS:
Examples of forms of energy could include sound, light, heat, and electrical.]

Assessment Boundary - S.4.PS.3.2.AB:
Assessment does not include quantitative measurements of energy.

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP3.1:
Make observations and/or measurements to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence for an explanation of a phenomenon or test a design solution

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.PS.3.2.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •(NYSED) Energy can be transferred by moving objects or by sound, light, heat, or electric currents. PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •Energy is present whenever there are moving objects, sound, light, or heat. When objects collide, energy can be transferred from one object to another, thereby changing their motion. In such collisions, some energy is typically also transferred to the surrounding air; as a result, the air gets heated and sound is produced. •(NYSED) Energy can also be transferred by electric currents, which can then be used locally to produce motion, sound, heat, or light. The currents may have been produced to begin with by transforming the energy of motion into electrical energy.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.3:
Energy can be transferred in various ways and between objects.

Clarification Statement - S.4.PS.3.3.CS:
Emphasis is on the change in the energy due to the change in speed, not on the forces, as objects interact.

Assessment Boundary - S.4.PS.3.3.AB:
Assessment does not include quantitative measurements of energy.

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP1.1:
Ask questions that can be investigated based on patterns such as cause and effect relationships.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.PS.3.3.DCI:
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy •(NYSED) Energy can be transferred by moving objects or by sound, light, heat, or electric currents. PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •Energy is present whenever there are moving objects, sound, light, or heat. When objects collide, energy can be transferred from one object to another, thereby changing their motion. In such collisions, some energy is typically also transferred to the surrounding air; as a result, the air gets heated and sound is produced. PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces •When objects collide, the contact forces transfer energy so as to change the objects’ motions.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.3:
Energy can be transferred in various ways and between objects.

Clarification Statement - S.4.PS.3.4.CS:
Examples of devices could include electric circuits that convert electrical energy into energy of motion of a vehicle, light, or sound; batteries that convert chemical energy to electrical energy; and, a passive solar heater that converts light into heat.

Assessment Boundary - S.4.PS.3.4.AB:
Devices should be limited to those that convert motion energy to electric energy or use stored energy to cause motion or produce light or sound.

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP6.3:
Apply scientific ideas to solve design problems.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.PS.3.4.DCI:
PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer •(NYSED) Energy can also be transferred by electric currents, which can then be used locally to produce motion, sound, heat, or light. The currents may have been produced to begin with by transforming the energy of motion into electrical energy. PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes and Everyday Life •The expression “produce energy” typically refers to the conversion of stored energy into a desired form for practical use. (4-PS3-4) ETS1.A: Defining Engineering Problems •Possible solutions to a problem are limited by available materials and resources (constraints). The success of a designed solution is determined by considering the desired features of a solution (criteria). Different proposals for solutions can be compared on the basis of how well each one meets the specified criteria for success or how well each takes the constraints into account. (secondary to 4-PS3-4)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.3:
Energy can be transferred in various ways and between objects.

Clarification Statement - S.4.ESS.3.1.CS:
Examples of renewable energy resources could include wind, water behind dams, and sunlight; non-renewable energy resources are fossil fuels and fissile materials. Examples of environmental effects could include loss of habitat due to dams, loss of habitat

Science and Engineering Practices - 3-5.SEP8.1:
Obtain and combine information from books and other reliable media to explain phenomena.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.4.ESS.3.1.DCI:
ESS3.A: Natural Resources •Energy and fuels that humans use are derived from natural sources, and their use affects the environment in multiple ways. Some resources are renewable over time, and others are not.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC2.4:
Cause and effect relationships are routinely identified, tested, and used to explain change.