Content Specification - SS.9.10.a.1:
Students will explore the relationship between knowledge and technological innovations, focusing on how knowledge of wind and current patterns, combined with technological innovations, influenced exploration and transoceanic travel.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.a.2:
Students will trace major motivations for European interest in exploration and oceanic trade including the influence of Isabella and Ferdinand.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.b.1:
Students will map the exchange of crops and animals and the spread of diseases across the world during the Columbian exchange.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.b.2:
Students will investigate the population of the Americas before the Encounter and evaluate the impact of the arrival of the Europeans on the indigenous populations.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.b.3:
Students will contrast the demographic impacts on Europe and China after the introduction of new crops with demographic impacts on the Americas resulting from the Columbian exchange.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.c.1:
Students will examine how the demand for labor, primarily for sugar cultivation and silver mining, influenced the growth of the trade of enslaved African peoples.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.c.2:
Students will investigate European and African roles in the development of the slave trade, and investigate the conditions and treatment of enslaved Africans during the Middle Passage and in the Americas.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.d.1:
Students will examine the political, economic, cultural, and geographic impacts of Spanish colonization on the Aztec and Inca societies.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.d.2:
Students will investigate the different degrees of social and racial integration and assimilation that occurred under colonizing powers, laying the foundations for complex and varying social hierarchies in the Americas.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.d.3:
Students will examine the social, political, and economic impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa, including the development of the kingdoms of the Ashanti and Dahomey.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.e.1:
Students will explore how new transoceanic routes shifted trade networks (e.g., Indian Ocean, the Silk Road, Trans‐Saharan) in the Eastern Hemisphere.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.e.2:
Students will explore how shifts in the global trade networks and the use of gunpowder affected the Ottoman Empire.

Content Specification - SS.9.10.e.3:
Students will examine the development of European maritime empires and mercantilism.