Content Specification - SS.9.9.a.1:
Students will investigate technologies and ideas including printing and paper, navigational tools, and mathematics and medical science that diffused to Europe, noting the role of the Islamic caliphates.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.a.2:
Students will explore shifts in the Western European Medieval view of itself and the world as well as key Greco‐Roman legacies that influenced Renaissance thinkers and artists.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.a.3:
Students will examine political ideas developed during the Renaissance including those of Machiavelli.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.b.1:
Students will explore the roles of key individuals including Martin Luther, John Calvin, Elizabeth I, and Ignatius Loyola and the impact they had on the religious and political unity of Europe.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.b.2:
Students will trace the discrimination against and persecution of Jews.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.c.1:
Students will investigate Russian efforts to remove Mongol and Islamic influence and expand and transform their society.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.c.2:
Students will investigate autocratic and absolutist rule by comparing and contrasting the reigns of Louis XIV and Peter the Great.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.d.1:
Students will examine the Scientific Revolution including the influence of Galileo and Newton.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.e.1:
Students will investigate the Enlightenment by comparing and contrasting the ideas expressed in The Leviathan and The Second Treatise on Government.

Content Specification - SS.9.9.e.2:
Students will investigate the context and challenge to authority in the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution.