Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.1.4.CS:
Emphasis is on Newtonian gravitational laws governing orbital motions, which apply to human-made satellites as well as planets and moons.

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.1.4.AB:
Mathematical representations for the grav itational attraction of bodies and Kepler’s Laws of orbital motions should not deal w ith more than two bodies, nor involve calculus.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP5.2:
Use mathematical representations of phenomena to describe explanations.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.1.4.DCI:
ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System •Kepler’s laws describe common features of the motions of orbiting objects, including their elliptical paths around the sun. Orbits may change due to the gravitational effects from, or collisions with, other objects in the solar system.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC7.9:
Algebraic thinking is used to examinescientific data and predict the effect of a change in one variable on another (e.g., linear growth vs. exponential growth).