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Standard Area - TECH: Learning Standards for Technology
(see MST standards under Previous Standard Versions)-
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Introduction - MST4.C.P.5.Introduction:
Fundamental forces govern all the interactions of the universe. The interaction of masses is determined by the gravitational force; the interaction of charges is determined by the electro-weak force; the interaction between particles in the nucleus is controlled by the strong force. Changes in the motion of an object require a force. Newton's laws can be used to explain and predict the motion of an object.
On the atomic level, the quantum nature of the fundamental forces becomes evident. Models of the atom have been developed to incorporate wave-particle duality, quantization, and the conservation laws. These models have been modified to reflect new observations; they continue to evolve.
Everyday experiences are manifestations of patterns that repeat themselves from the subnuclear to the cosmic level. Models that are used at each level reflect these patterns. The future development of physics is likely to be derived from these realms.
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Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3a:
States of matter and energy are restricted to discrete values (quantized). -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3b:
Charge is quantized on two levels. On the atomic level, charge is restricted to multiples of the elementary charge (charge on the electron or proton). On the subnuclear level, charge appears as fractional values of the elementary charge (quarks). -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3c:
On the atomic level, energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete packets called photons.* -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3d:
The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency.* -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3e:
On the atomic level, energy and matter exhibit the characteristics of both waves and particles. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3f:
Among other things, mass-energy and charge are conserved at all levels (from subnuclear to cosmic). -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3g:
The Standard Model of Particle Physics has evolved from previous attempts to explain the nature of the atom and states that:- atomic particles are composed of subnuclear particles
- the nucleus is a conglomeration of quarks which manifest themselves as protons and neutrons
- each elementary particle has a corresponding antiparticle
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Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3h:
Behaviors and characteristics of matter, from the microscopic to the cosmic levels, are manifestations of its atomic structure. The macroscopic characteristics of matter, such as electrical and optical properties, are the result of microscopic interactions. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3i:
The total of the fundamental interactions is responsible for the appearance and behavior of the objects in the universe. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.3j:
The fundamental source of all energy in the universe is the conversion of mass into energy.*
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