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Standard Area - TECH: Learning Standards for Technology
(see MST standards under Previous Standard Versions)-
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Introduction - MST4.C.P.5.Introduction:
Fundamental forces govern all the interactions of the universe. The interaction of masses is determined by the gravitational force; the interaction of charges is determined by the electro-weak force; the interaction between particles in the nucleus is controlled by the strong force. Changes in the motion of an object require a force. Newton's laws can be used to explain and predict the motion of an object.
On the atomic level, the quantum nature of the fundamental forces becomes evident. Models of the atom have been developed to incorporate wave-particle duality, quantization, and the conservation laws. These models have been modified to reflect new observations; they continue to evolve.
Everyday experiences are manifestations of patterns that repeat themselves from the subnuclear to the cosmic level. Models that are used at each level reflect these patterns. The future development of physics is likely to be derived from these realms.
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Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1a:
Measured quantities can be classified as either vector or scalar. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1b:
A vector may be resolved into perpendicular components.* -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1c:
The resultant of two or more vectors, acting at any angle, is determined by vector addition. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1d:
An object in linear motion may travel with a constant velocity* or with acceleration*.
(Note: Testing of acceleration will be limited to cases in which acceleration is constant.) -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1e:
An object in free fall accelerates due to the force of gravity.* Friction and other forces cause the actual motion of a falling object to deviate from its theoretical motion.
(Note: Initial velocities of objects in free fall may be in any direction.) -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1f:
The path of a projectile is the result of the simultaneous effect of the horizontal and vertical components of its motion; these components act independently. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1g:
A projectile’s time of flight is dependent upon the vertical component of its motion. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1h:
The horizontal displacement of a projectile is dependent upon the horizontal component of its motion and its time of flight. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1i:
According to Newton’s First Law, the inertia of an object is directly proportional to its mass. An object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1j:
When the net force on a system is zero, the system is in equilibrium. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1k:
According to Newton’s Second Law, an unbalanced force causes a mass to accelerate*. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1l:
Weight is the gravitational force with which a planet attracts a mass*. The mass of an object is independent of the gravitational field in which it is located. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1m:
The elongation or compression of a spring depends upon the nature of the spring (its spring constant) and the magnitude of the applied force.* -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1n:
Centripetal force* is the net force which produces centripetal acceleration.* In uniform circular motion, the centripetal force is perpendicular to the tangential velocity. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1o:
Kinetic friction* is a force that opposes motion. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1p:
The impulse* imparted to an object causes a change in its momentum*. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1q:
According to Newton’s Third Law, forces occur in action/reaction pairs. When one object exerts a force on a second, the second exerts a force on the first that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1r:
Momentum is conserved in a closed system.*
(Note: Testing will be limited to momentum in one dimension.) -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1s:
Field strength* and direction are determined using a suitable test particle.
(Notes: 1)Calculations are limited to electrostatic and gravitational fields. 2)The gravitational field near the surface of Earth and the electrical field between two oppositely charged parallel plates are treated as uniform.) -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1t:
Gravitational forces are only attractive, whereas electrical and magnetic forces can be attractive or repulsive. -
Major Understandings - MST4.C.P.5.1.u:
The inverse square law applies to electrical* and gravitational* fields produced by point sources.
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