From this browse and search tool, you will find the New York State (NYS) Learning Standards statements for all seven standard areas across grades PreK - 12. The NYS Learning Standards provides the foundation for the NYS Assessments and the local core curriculum.
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Major Understandings - 2.1w :
Sediments of inorganic and organic origin often accumulate in depositional environments. Sedimentary rocks form when sediments are compacted and/or cemented after burial or as the result of chemical precipitation from seawater.
Major Understandings - 2.1v : Patterns of deposition result from a loss of energy within the transporting system
and are influenced by the size, shape, and density of the transported particles. Sediment
deposits may be sorted or unsorted.
Major Understandings - 2.1u : The natural agents of erosion include:
- Streams (running water): Gradient, discharge, and channel shape influence a
stream's velocity and the erosion and deposition of sediments. Sediments transported by streams tend to become rounded as a result of abrasion. Stream features include V-shaped valleys, deltas, flood plains, and meanders. A watershed
is the area drained by a stream and its tributaries.
- Glaciers (moving ice): Glacial erosional processes include the formation of
U-shaped valleys, parallel scratches, and grooves in bedrock. Glacial features
include moraines, drumlins, kettle lakes, finger lakes, and outwash plains.
- Wave Action: Erosion and deposition cause changes in shoreline features, including beaches, sandbars, and barrier islands. Wave action rounds sediments as a
result of abrasion. Waves approaching a shoreline move sand parallel to the
shore within the zone of breaking waves.
- Wind: Erosion of sediments by wind is most common in arid climates and along
shorelines. Wind-generated features include dunes and sand-blasted bedrock.
- Mass Movement: Earth materials move downslope under the influence of gravity.
Major Understandings - 2.1t : Natural agents of erosion, generally driven by gravity, remove, transport, and
deposit weathered rock particles. Each agent of erosion produces distinctive changes
in the material that it transports and creates characteristic surface features and landscapes. In certain erosional situations, loss of property, personal injury, and loss of life
can be reduced by effective emergency preparedness.
Major Understandings - 2.1r : Climate variations, structure, and characteristics of bedrock influence the development of landscape features including mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, ridges,
escarpments, and stream drainage patterns.
Major Understandings - 2.1q : Topographic maps represent landforms through the use of contour lines that are
isolines connecting points of equal elevation. Gradients and profiles can be determined
from changes in elevation over a given distance.
Major Understandings - 2.1p : Landforms are the result of the interaction of tectonic forces and the processes of
weathering, erosion, and deposition.
Major Understandings - 2.1o : Plate motions have resulted in global changes in geography, climate, and the patterns of organic evolution.
Major Understandings - 2.1s : Weathering is the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks at or near Earth's surface. Soils are the result of weathering and biological activity over long periods of time.
Major Understandings - 2.1n : Many of Earth's surface features such as mid-ocean ridges/rifts, trenches/subduction zones/island arcs, mountain ranges (folded, faulted, and volcanic), hot spots, and
the magnetic and age patterns in surface bedrock are a consequence of forces associated
with plate motion and interaction.
Major Understandings - 2.1k : The outward transfer of Earth's internal heat drives convective circulation in the
mantle that moves the lithospheric plates comprising Earth's surface.
Major Understandings - 2.1i : Seasonal changes can be explained using concepts of density and heat energy.
These changes include the shifting of global temperature zones, the shifting of planetary
wind and ocean current patterns, the occurrence of monsoons, hurricanes, flooding, and
severe weather.
Major Understandings - 2.1g : Weather variables can be represented in a variety of formats including radar and
satellite images, weather maps (including station models, isobars, and fronts), atmospheric cross-sections, and computer models.
Major Understandings - 2.1f : Air temperature, dewpoint, cloud formation, and precipitation are affected by the
expansion and contraction of air due to vertical atmospheric movement.
Major Understandings - 2.1e : Weather variables are interrelated.
For example:
- temperature and humidity affect air pressure and probability of precipitation
- air pressure gradient controls wind velocity
Major Understandings - 2.1d : Weather variables are measured using instruments such as thermometers,
barometers, psychrometers, precipitation gauges, anemometers, and wind vanes.
Major Understandings - 2.1c : Weather patterns become evident when weather variables are observed, measured,
and recorded. These variables include air temperature, air pressure, moisture (relative
humidity and dewpoint), precipitation (rain, snow, hail, sleet, etc.), wind speed and
direction, and cloud cover.
Major Understandings - 2.1b : The transfer of heat energy within the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and Earth's
interior results in the formation of regions of different densities. These density
differences result in motion.
Major Understandings - 2.1a : Earth systems have internal and external sources of energy, both of which create
heat.
Major Understandings - 2.1m : Many processes of the rock cycle are consequences of plate dynamics. These include
the production of magma (and subsequent igneous rock formation and contact metamorphism) at both subduction and rifting regions, regional metamorphism within subduction
zones, and the creation of major depositional basins through down-warping of the crust.
Major Understandings - 2.1l : The lithosphere consists of separate plates that ride on the more fluid asthenosphere
and move slowly in relationship to one another, creating convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries. These motions indicate Earth is a dynamic geologic system.
- These plate boundaries are the sites of most earthquakes, volcanoes, and young
mountain ranges.
- Compared to continental crust, ocean crust is thinner and denser. New ocean crust
continues to form at mid-ocean ridges.
- Earthquakes and volcanoes present geologic hazards to humans. Loss of property,
personal injury, and loss of life can be reduced by effective emergency preparedness.
Major Understandings - 2.1j : Properties of Earth's internal structure (crust, mantle, inner core, and outer core)
can be inferred from the analysis of the behavior of seismic waves (including velocity
and refraction).
- Analysis of seismic waves allows the determination of the location of earthquake epicenters, and the measurement of earthquake magnitude; this analysis leads to the inference
that Earth's interior is composed of layers that differ in composition and states of matter.
Major Understandings - 2.1h : Atmospheric moisture, temperature and pressure distributions; jet streams, wind;
air masses and frontal boundaries; and the movement of cyclonic systems and associated tornadoes, thunderstorms, and hurricanes occur in observable patterns. Loss of
property, personal injury, and loss of life can be reduced by effective emergency
preparedness.
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