Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.2.2.CS:
Examples of data could include descriptions of climate feedbacks, such as how an increase ingreenhouse gases causes a rise in global temperatures that melts glacial ice, which reduces the amount of sunlight reflected from Earth’s surface, increasing surfa

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP4.1:
Analyze data using tools, technologies, and/or models (e.g., computational, mathematical) in order to make valid and reliable scientific claims or determine an optimal design solution.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.2.2.DCI:
ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems •Earth’s systems, being dynamic and interacting, cause feedback effects that can increase or decrease the original changes ESS2.D: Weather and Climate •The foundation for Earth’s global climate systems is the electromagnetic radiation from the sun, as well as its reflection, absorption, storage, and redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and land systems, and this energy’s re-radiation into space.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC6.8:
Feedback (negative or positive) can stabilize or destabilize a system.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.2.3.CS:
Emphasis is on both a one-dimensional model of Earth, with radial layers determined by density, and a three-dimensional model, which is controlled by mantle convection and the resulting plate tectonics. Rocks and minerals can be identified and classified

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP2.1:
Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.2.3.DCI:
ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems •Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior. ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions •(NYSED) Residual heat from Earth’s formation and the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes in Earth’s interior continually generate energy that is absorbed by Earth’s mantle and crust, driving mantle convection. Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection. •(NYSED) Minerals are the building blocks of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and can be identified using physical and chemical characteristics. These rock types are evidence of stages of constant recycling of Earth material by surface processes and convection currents in the mantle. PS4.A: Wave Properties •Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet. (secondary to HS-ESS2-3)

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.14:
Energy drives the cycling of matter within and between systems.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.2.5.CS:
Emphasis is on mechanical and chemical investigations with water and a variety of solid materials to provide the evidence for connections between the hydrologic cycle and system interactions commonly known as the rock cycle. Examples of mechanical investi

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP3.1:
Plan and conduct an investigation individually and collaboratively to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence, and in the design: decide on types, how much, and accuracy of data needed to produce reliable measurements and consider limitations on t

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.2.5.DCI:
ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes •The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics. These properties include water’s exceptional capacity to absorb, store, and release large amounts of energy, transmit sunlight, expand upon freezing, dissolve and transport materials, and lower the viscosities and melting points of rocks.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC4.6:
The functions and properties of natural and designed objects and systems can be inferred from their overall structure, the way their components are shaped and used, and the molecular substructures of its various materials.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.2.6.CS:
Emphasis is on modeling biogeochemical cycles that include the cycling of carbon through the ocean, atmosphere, soil, and biosphere (including humans), providing the foundation for living organisms.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP2.1:
Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.2.6.DCI:
ESS2.D: Weather and Climate •Gradual atmospheric changes were due to plants and other organisms that captured carbon dioxide and released oxygen. •Changes in the atmosphere due to human activity have increased carbon dioxide concentrations and thus affect climate.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC5.11:
The total amount of energy and matter in closed systems is conserved.

Clarification Statement - S.HS.ESS.2.7.CS:
Emphasis is on the dynamic causes, effects, and feedbacks between the biosphere and Earth’s other systems, whereby geoscience factors control the evolution of life, which in turn continuously alters Earth’s surface. Examples could include how the outgassi

Assessment Boundary - S.HS.ESS.2.7.AB:
Assessment does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth’s other systems.

Science and Engineering Practices - 9-12.SEP7.4:
Construct an oral and written argument or counter-arguments based on data and evidence.

Disciplinary Core Ideas - S.HS.ESS.2.7.DCI:
ESS2.D: Weather and Climate •Gradual atmospheric changes were due to plants and other organisms that captured carbon dioxide and released oxygen. ESS2.E: Biogeology •The many dynamic and delicate feedbacks between the biosphere and other Earth systems cause a continual co-evolution of Earth’s surface and the life that exists on it.

Crosscutting Concepts - CC6.6:
Much of science deals with constructing explanations of how things change and how they remain stable.